The IOB Guide for T1D — Part 7

Recommended Reading and Resources

This guide was intentionally written without references scattered throughout the text, in order to keep it clear, practical, and easy to read. The key papers and contributors that underpin the thinking are listed here, along with the area of the guide they relate to.

How this guide was written

Consistent with the principles of Glucose Never Lies, the ideas presented throughout this guide are grounded in the work of many clinical researchers, practitioners, and people living with diabetes who have contributed significantly to our understanding of insulin action, insulin-on-board modelling, and exercise physiology.

For readers who would like to explore the evidence in greater depth, the key papers and contributors are listed below. Links to the original work can be accessed through the references below. If you believe important work has been missed, please contact john@theglucoseneverlies.com

References

Synthetic insulin action and pharmacokinetics

These papers underpin the discussion in Part 1 of how rapid-acting insulin behaves biologically, including the dose-dependent extension of the insulin tail.

Insulin on Board and the concept of net IOB

This paper is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the structural tension in current IOB models. It is referenced directly in Part 2.

Activity, exercise, and insulin on board

These papers provide the scientific foundation for the exercise-related content in Parts 4, 5, and 6, and for the physiological IOB modelling used in the two Explorers.

  • Bergford et al. (2023) — T1DEXI dataset analysis examining IOB at the start of exercise as a predictor of hypoglycaemia risk.
  • Pemberton et al. (2023) — GlucoseLo: T1DEXI dataset analysis examining activity-related glucose-lowering in Type 1 diabetes.
  • GlucoseGo (2026) — T1DEXI dataset analysis examining exercise-related glucose outcomes with units-per-kilogram IOB modelling.

These papers provide the scientific foundation for the concepts discussed throughout this guide, including insulin action curves, the interpretation of insulin on board, and the interaction between circulating insulin levels and physical activity.

Acknowledgements

A special thank you to Simon Helleputte, MSc, PhD (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University) and Joseph Henske, MD, FACE (Director of the Diabetes Program, Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism) for their generous feedback and thoughtful input during the development of this guide.

Deep gratitude to Professor Michael Riddell (York University, Canada) for his ongoing support, patience with very lengthy emails, and his ability to continually steer the discussion back to the most important question: “So what?” His perspective has been instrumental in helping refine the practical implications of insulin-on-board modelling and why it matters for people living with Type 1 diabetes.

I am also grateful to colleagues who proofread parts of the guide and offered helpful feedback.

Finally, a huge thank you to the GNL Team, whose support, creativity, and friendship continue to make this work possible.

  • Anjanee Kohli — Creative Director and my rock
  • Professor Othmar Moser — my brother from another mother
  • Professor Dessi Zaharieva — my sister from another mister
  • Professor Adrian Brown — long-time dancing partner in the world of metabolic research and evidence-based practice

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